Four Chaplains, One Heroic Mission

“Chaplains risk and give their lives along with the troops,” Daniel Poling, pastor of Grace Baptist in Philadelphia, told his son. Daniel knew full well, having served as Chaplin during WWI.

Yet, First Lieutenant Clark Vandersoll Poling of Ohio did not heed his fathers’ wise words. On June 10, 1942, just shy of his 32nd birthday, he joined the U.S. Army’s 131st Quartermaster Truck Regiment as their Chaplain representing the Reformed Church in America.

Alexander D. Goode (PhD), born in New York, also followed in his father footsteps when he became a Rabbi. At first, rejected as Chaplain by the Navy in early 1941, he was accepted by the Army after the Japanese attacked the U.S. on December 7th. On July 21, 1942, First Lieutenant Goode was assigned as Chaplain to serve with 333rd Fighter Squadron.

At age 17, George Lansing Fox lied about his age, left Lewiston, Pennsylvania ending up a medical corps assistant on the Western Front During WWI. His bravery would lead to being honored with the Silver Star, Purple Heart and the French Croix de Guerre.

Upon his return, George completed high school, then university, before entering the Boston University School of Theology. He was ordained a Methodist minister in 1934. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Fox volunteered and was accepted by the Army in July of 1942. On the same day his son, Wyatt, enlisted in the Marine Corps, August 8th of that year, George reported to active duty and would be assigned Chaplain for the 411th Coast Artillery Battalion.

Father John Patrick Washington of New Jersey began his Catholic priesthood in 1935. Athletic, intelligent, he sought to do more for his country and entered active duty May 9, 1942. Named the chief of the Chaplains’ Reserve Pool, in Ft. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, he was attached to the 76th Infantry Division.

Essential training

As fate would have it, these four men of varying faiths, all studied together at the Army Chaplains School at Harvard University. The training lasted five weeks before they were shipped back to their company. During their time spent at Cambridge the Chaplains courses covered: map recognition, first aide, including finding soldiers with simulated wounds and treating them, grave registration and reports, writing letters of condolence, calisthenics, gas mask drills, and military law.

The position of Chaplain was so important that a 43-minute film starring Ronald Reagan as a Chaplain was produced in Hollywood in 1943. For God and Country combines a rich cast to depict this selfless and critical component of “sky pilots” who would give solace and encouragement to the U.S. military units fighting

Getting to the Front

In 1942, The SS Dorchester, a passenger steamship, was requisitioned by the US War Shipping Administration for the use of transporting Army troops. This ship held over 900 men traveling to their fate in Europe through dangerous waters known to be scattered with German submarine wolf packs.

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In January of 1943, the Four Chaplains met again in New York City. They were to board the SS Dorchester and, along with five other ships, were to head to Army Command Base at Narsarsuaq in southern Greenland.
In the early morning of February 3, 1943, at 12:55 a.m., the German submarine 223 torpedoed the bow of the Dorchester. The impact caused an immediate loss of steam, which in turn hindered the signal, six blast of the whistle, to abandon ship. Communication was destroyed and, at first, no flares could be deployed. The list to the port side prevented the lowering of some of the lifeboats.

In the 27 minutes before the Dorchester sank in the frigid waters, the Four Chaplains helped those trapped below calmly reach the deck and into life preservers.

Two of the accompanying U.S. Coast Guard cutters, the Escanaba, and the Comanche, hurried to rescue those who had donned life vests. However, men became so stiff in the icy waters they could not grasp the cargo nets to be rescued. Members of the Escanaba employed a new “retriever” technique where men in wet suits swam to the soldiers, tied a rope around them, pulling them to safety.

Just before the ship slipped to its watery grave, it became apparent there were not enough life vests for all the 902 aboard.

The Four Chaplains, without hesitation, gave up their own life preservers to four young men. Witnesses described the Four Chaplains, standing arm in arm at the railing, singing hymns and praying as they went down with the ship.

As I swam away from the ship, I looked back. The flares had lighted everything. The bow came up high and she slid under. The last thing I saw, the Four Chaplains were up there praying for the safety of the men. They had done everything they could. I did not see them again. They themselves did not have a chance without their life jackets.
— Grady Clark, survivor

Of the 902 men on the SS Dorchester only 230 survived in what was to become the worst single loss of any American personnel of any U.S. convoy during WWII.

While the Four Chaplains posthumously received the Distinguished Service Cross and Purple Heart, they did not qualify for the Medal of Honor as they had not served in combat. However, Congress, moved by the Four Chaplains courage, created a specific medal for them with the same weight and honor. They were also honored in 1948 with a commemorative postage stamp.

Although First Lieutenant Poling did not heed his father’s words, it is impossible to know how many lives he and the other three men of the cloth helped save that dark early morning as they guided and prayed for those fighting for their lives.

The Immortal Chaplains, who gave four young men the gift of life, should be celebrated not only on February 3, but everyday as examples of unselfish sacrifice and bravery defending our country.

Victory Mail

Keeping Loved Ones Connected During WWII

In this modern day of instant connectivity via email, text, twitter, Tik Tok, Facebook, Facetime, etc. it is hard to envision what it would have been like to wait weeks, even months, to hear from your loved ones or to receive news from back home.

WWII had many challenges, keeping positive morale among the troops was paramount. Communication between loved ones and those fighting to protect us often provided them with the fortitude to persevere though the horrors of war. One can imagine that men and women overseas would anxiously stand in line to hear their names called out – that a letter had arrived for them – a bit of home on a small slip of paper.

 “The Post Office, War and Navy departments realize fully that frequent and rapid communication with parents, associates and other loved ones strengthens fortitude, enlivens patriotism, makes loneliness endurable and inspires to even greater devotion the men and women who are carrying on our fight far from home and from friends.”

Postmaster General 1942 Annual Report

Risk of Waylaid Mail

However, receiving mail was not easy. Transferring vital information was risky. In some instances, messages – if delivered to the wrong hands – incited wars.
In November of 1940, Churchill’s British War Cabinet’s Planning Division, entrusted 6 officers aboard the SS Automedon, a passenger and cargo steamer, with a small green bag marked “Highly Confidential.” This bag was purposely punctured with holes and weighted. In the event the ship was under attack, the officers were to toss the sack into the water, confident it would quickly sink.

Unfortunately, when the German Auxiliary Cruiser, Atlantis, a merchant raider, spotted the Automedon off Sumatra on November 11th of that year, the German captain raised his colors and opened fire. All six British officers were killed on the first strike before they could fulfill their orders to destroy the top secret information. The 28 pages prepared by MI6, along with Naval Intelligence reports, Fleet orders, decoding tables and other sensitive information, was recovered by the Germans who promptly gave a copy of these reports to their Axis ally, the Japanese.

England was not aware the documents had fallen into the enemy hands until March 1, 1941, almost four months later, an astonishing amount of time during any war.
Some say the discovery of this intelligence, which claimed Britain could not afford to continue a large presence in the South Pacific, provided Admiral Yamamoto, commander-in-chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, the vital information needed to help make the decision to enter the Second World War with the United States and bomb Pearl Harbor.
In the ever changing tide of war there were many incidents when mail or transmissions were uncovered by the opposing side.

The Australian Coastwatchers positioned throughout New Guinea and the Solomon Islands during the WWII, were a band of brave men who constantly observed the waterways and skies for the enemy. They not only reported movement and helped rescue Allies, but also recovered a tin filled with pages listing the names of all the Japanese naval officers and where they were stationed. This important information was delivered to the US and Allies at a very crucial point in the war in the Pacific.

V Mail to the Rescue

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For WWII US soldiers, rules were established for letter writing. When penning words to send home, servicemen could not divulge their whereabouts or movement. All letters were read and censored. Handwritten good tiding from the front often arrived with holes in the pages where the censor considered the information too descriptive if read by a spy. Also, the amount of mail filling cargo ships took up far too much space, precious space better used for ammunitions, food, or medical supplies, etc.
America quickly undertook the solution, one that Britain had been employing for years. Microphotography, microfilming, dated back to 1850 when used primarily by banks and businesses. Photographing the message then sending the film to be processed, printed, and delivered, dated back to the Franco-Prussian War when the primitive microfilm was transported by carrier pigeon.

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V Mail was adopted and encouraged in May of 1942 when the US entered into a contract with Kodak. Instructed to use dark ink, you wrote on a purchased, V Mail sheet which would be photographed then the film shipped overseas. This method also prevented espionage tactics such as invisible ink to be utilized. Over 1 billion V Mail letters were processed between June of 1942 and November of 1945. This space saving venture meant that about 37 mailbags were reduced to one bag, as 1,600 letters could fit on a single 100-foot roll of 16mm film.

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Sealed with a Kiss

The drawback, of course, was the one page of the V Mail did not allow for long exchanges. Also, and to some more importantly, you could not use lip stick on the V Mail to “seal it with a kiss.” That distinguishable mark of color on the envelope, an imprint of love and promise boosting moral and encouraging the men in fox holes, would gum up the printing press and was not allowed.

On this Valentines Day, when communicating in real time exchanges with friends and family, think of those who served and continue to do so. Consider sending a letter to a soldier overseas to thank them for their service.

 Link to Doing Good Together’s Write Letters to a Soldier project page

https://www.doinggoodtogether.org/bhf/write-letters-to-a-soldier.

And remember how fortunate we are to be free to seal our letters with a kiss.

P.S.
The WWII letters my father, First Lieutenant Joseph Frisino, sent to my mother while in the Signal Corps, first from Alaska while building the Alcan Highway and then from the jungles of Burma when defending the Burma Road, are priceless.