denisefrisino

The Day of Infamy Touched Many Shores

December 6, 2020 by denisefrisino Leave a Comment

Remembering “a date which will live in infamy,” the Land of the Rising Sun’s attack on Pearl Harbor in the early morning hours of December 7, 1941, many only equate that horrific event to Hawaii. However, Japan’s far reaching goal for a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” went far beyond the shores of the Hawaiian Islands.
The well-organized Nippon forces positioned themselves across the Pacific in an attempt to block American transports to reach their allies in Australia and other South Pacific areas, and to assure complete and utter control of that region. Thus, benefiting from this area rich with raw materials needed for their continued expansion.

During President Franklin D Roosevelt’s “Day of Infamy” 6-minute, riveting speech before the joint session of congress and on national radio, he listed the numerous aggressions by the enemy that took place within hours of each other.

“Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.
Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.
Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.
And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.”

Emperor Hirohito, who was viewed throughout Japan as a God, gathered the power of millions of indoctrinated troops willing to never surrender but to sacrifice their lives for his cause. Influenced by the aggressive Prime Minister and general of the Imperial Japanese Army, Hideki Tojo, the Japanese were able to stage simultaneous attacks. Imagine the vast undertaking and planning that went into mounting aggressions on 6 islands plus striking the United States of America.
Due to the International Date Line the attack on the Philippines is recorded as December 8, 1941, when in truth, it was only a matter of hours after the attack on Pearl.

The first US ship to encounter enemy fire, and life lost, occurred in Davao Bay in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. The USS William B. Preston, a destroyer sea plane tender, had heard of the attack on Pearl and was told “Japan has commenced hostilities. Govern yourselves accordingly.” The tender sent some PBY’s, patrol bombers – “Catalina’s”, out to search for incoming enemy aircraft. Two of the Cat’s remained moored to their buoys and became easy targets for the incoming Japanese “Vals” and “Claudes”. The two PBY’s were destroyed and sunk in the bay as their crew, along with one dead and one injured, swam toward a small boat lowered by the Preston. Under fire, the tender zigzagged to open water and remained unscathed, only to return later for the small boat of survivors.

Inexplicitly, at that time Lieutenant General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the US Army Forces in the Far East, having hosted a wild party the night before in his grand hotel, did not appear to take command of his troops. He ignored his orders to follow Rainbow Five, codename for the plan to initiate US planes to attack Japanese airbases within reach after Japan had made the first strike.

MacArthur’s failure to act left his airplanes and personnel exposed and directly in harms way. He did little to prevent the ensuing damage that the enemy would deliver to American bases and, over a matter of weeks, to the entirety of the Philippines. On the 21st of December MacArthur retreated to the island fortress of Corregidor. Then on the 26th, at Philippine President Manuel Quezon’s urging, MacArthur would declare Manila an “open city.” Thus, in a short eighteen day span, Manila would be left as an “open city” in the hopes the Japanese would respect the Laws of War, which state an “open city” was not to be attacked. However, the Japanese ignored the declaration, claiming the islands as their own, killing not only US soldiers but several of the Philippine Scouts, civilians and taking thousands as prisoners to be placed in camps. This was a precursor to the devastating Bataan Death March.

Their “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” concept had no one fooled. It was an obvious ploy for Japan to rule the Pacific Rim. Sadly, it took over three years, mass destruction of the city and over a hundred thousand lives to evict them from our Pearl of the Orient. It was to change the landscape and the minds of Filipinos and Manila residents forever.

A Day in Infamy | Manila Nostalgia (lougopal.com)

The Japanese had prepared well. Over the years their spies positioned around the world, including in America, had provided them with maps, photos, and intelligence to stage the resounding call to war that echoed across oceans and continents.
So, we should always remember and cherish not only those who died at Pearl Harbor, but all the souls throughout the South Pacific who were lost on this notorious Day of Infamy, whose lives marked the beginning of the global battle, World War Two. And give thanks to those who fought so bravely over the following five years for our cherished freedom.

Highly Recommended Reading

Kemp Tolley was commander of the Lanikiai, stationed in Manila, when the Japanese attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Cruise of the Lanikai recounts Tolley’s escape and adventures as he sails south to Australia through Japanese waters. An exceptional book of survival.

For more on Pearl Harbor please read my other blogs:
December 7th 1941 and interview with Dr. Raleigh who was at Pearl Harbor aboard the USS Maryland during the bombing.

The Japanese Spy Who Predestined the Fate of Pearl Harbor

Captain Richard McNees who was stationed at Kaneohe during the attack.

Where Is Pearl Harbor?

The USO – Home Away From Home

November 11, 2020 by denisefrisino Leave a Comment

In the months leading up to the outbreak of World War II, while America strongly held to its isolationism beliefs, President Roosevelt quietly prepared for war. Seeing the anguish of those around the globe fighting the enemy, he understood the need to boost morale, not only for the growing number of GI’s, but for their families as so many shipped off to battle.

In October of 1941 he put Mary Ingraham in charge of the daunting task of establishing the United Service Organizations, the USO. Working with the Department of War, then later joined by the Department of Defense, they brought together the YMCA, YWCA, the Salvation Army, the National Catholic Community Service, National Travelers Aide Association and the National Jewish Welfare Board to create this far reaching “Home Away From Home” for the United States Armed Forces and their loved ones. Raising monies, they built the first USO hall in Louisiana, with more structures to follow.

Enter the Stars

As men were sent overseas, Hollywood and Broadway’s elite stepped forward, volunteering to carry trays of sandwiches, do the dishes, dance, and sing with the GI’s. The entrance fee to all in uniform for an evening of food and entertainment was FREE.

In New York City, The American Theater Wing, best know now for the Broadway Tony Awards, raised their curtain. In the first days of March 1942, in the basement of the 44th Street Theater, Broadway’s Stage Door Canteen emerged as a hopping haven for the troops. Some nights as many as 2,000 men, in shifts, would find refuge, music, beloved movie stars, laughter and make memories in this bustling 80 by 40 square foot room.

When actor John Garfield visited The Stage Door Canteen, he brought the idea back to Tinsel Town and Betty Davis. Davis not only donated her time but also much of her monies from her contract with Warner Brothers as she and Garfield convinced others to join in providing the free food and shows for the soldiers. Lines snaked down Cahuenga Boulevard in California as men of all races, shapes, and sizes, clad in different uniforms, waited to enter the old converted barn at 1451 Cahuenga Blvd – the Hollywood Canteen.

As Canteens sprung up across America, they provided entertainment, a place to grab a cup of coffee, a chat with others or write a letter home. The young women who volunteered as hostesses wore red, white, and blue aprons and specifically designed pins with wings.

One never knew who would be there to offer a smile and a slice of America. Always a different show, always thrilling. Bing Crosby, Marlene Dietrich, Frank Sinatra, Hedy Lamarr, Rita Hayward, Irving Berlin, Ann Miller are just a few of the stars who volunteered to perform. One night, Spencer Tracy coaxed a reluctant Katharine Hepburn to join him singing Pistol Packin’ Mama to the hoots of the crowded room. Big Bands played rousing jitterbug tunes, opera singers crooned to the audiences and comedians perfected their shtick.

A movie emerged, The Stage Door Canteen. The proceeds of this film and other fundraising events provided the funds for the USO’s to send entertainers overseas.

Dangerous work

“I saw that the boys needed something besides chow and drills.” Al Jolson

Al Jolson was the first entertainer to venture overseas, at times paying his own way. While in the South Pacific performing at the “camp shows” he contracted malaria and lost his left lung. He would continue to entertain the troops. During the Korean War, once again he paid for his travels to the war zone, returning home exhausted after 42 shows in 16 days. However, his fatigue, coupled with the lingering dust from the battle zone in his one lung, brought on a heart attack and Jolson died a few weeks after his return.

In 1943, outside of Lisbon, a plane with USO troops abroad crashed, killing singer and actress Tamara Drisan and injuring Jane Forman, Broadway singer. Forman’s story would be told in the movie With a Song in MY Heart.

While Martha Raye flew to North Africa in a B-17 to entertain the troops, they were attacked by two German planes. The tail gunner in her aircraft died in the exchange. During her four and one-half months overseas, Martha would travel to the front line in jeeps, assist the medics, help carry injured soldiers, and perform on makeshift stages. She lost 22 pounds after contacting yellow fever and spent three days cramped inside trenches with 200 soldiers while the Germans attacked. Martha would not stop with this war but would continue to entertain soldiers up through the Vietnam war, earning the beloved nickname, “Colonel Maggie.” She was buried with full military honors at Fort Bragg.

Open To All

WWII became a great equalizer as men and women of all races and religions united to face the enemy. While discrimination still existed, trends toward equality came about in the most unexpected situations.

“one of the few democratic institutions in existence anywhere: English soldiers, sailors and RAF [Royal Air Force] men dance beside, mingle and eat with Chinese airmen, Americans from every branch of the service, including Negroes and Indians, Canadians, Australians; South Africans, Dutch and French sailors…occasionally Russians: all are a part of the Stage Door Canteen.”
Theater Arts Magazine 1943

The Show Must Go On

After WWII with the expansion of USO shows in England and other far reaches of the war front, the monies and necessity for the USO dwindled. In 1947 the USO shut their doors. When the U.S. entered the Korean War in 1951, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Navy requested the USO’s return to provide their much needed support for the women and men in the Armed Services.

Bob Hope, who began his work for the USO in WWII, took the stage again. “The one-man-morale-machine” would spend 48 Christmas’s overseas; his last appearance at a “camp show” would be in 1991 during Operation Desert Shield. Hope and the USO Christmas shows are legendary. He would receive many honors, including the creation of the USO Hope Coin which is now awarded to entertainers who reflect Hope’s unwavering contribution to the USO tours.

As the skirmishes continued over decades, so did the entertainers who traveled to the war zones to lift soldiers’ spirits, spreading hope and joy.

Robin Williams hit the stage in Vietnam. Marilyn Monroe, Ann Margaret, John Wayne, Rita Moreno, Sammy Davis Jr., Phyllis Diller, James Brown, the list is long and impressive of those who chose to give back to their country on the front line with the soldiers.

Through the Gulf War, Afghanistan and Iraq and at today’s far flung stations, the USO has continued to send a bit of home through the efforts of Tom Hanks, Gary Sinise, Carrie Underwood, Stephen Colbert, Jon Stewart, Jay Leno, Charlie Sheen, Will Smith and so many others. Their example and dedication demonstrates the need for all Americans to continue to support our troops at home and abroad.

Since its inception in 1941, the USO has brought tears and joy to our fighting forces who defend our nation and democracy. Hats off to those who diligently work on stage and behind the scenes, to bring a touch of “Home Away From Home” to the trenches, for the importance of morale should never be underestimated.

While we honor those who have served our country on Veterans Day, we should remember to celebrate our Armed Forces each and every day. And also, give a salute to the USO for fighting a different kind of battle. A battle to lift the spirits of those who crawl through mud, live in tents in the jungles or deserts, are injured, are lonely and far from home – all to defend us.

Please study some of the images in this blog.
Note that many of the soldiers in these battle zones are holding their guns.

Rationing – a Fair Share for All of Us

April 6, 2020 by denisefrisino 3 Comments

Rationing goes back centuries, especially in times of war, strife and shortage. The concept is simple and established to prevent hoarding of any items deemed necessary for survival or to overcome the source of infliction. This action is usually enforced by the government in an attempt to direct the needed supplies to those on the front lines first, then to establish a system for distribution to the masses.
In troubling times, learning to share and be responsible for limited access to certain products can be life changing. The Great Depression left a scar on many of my parents’ generation as every scrap was used, saved or converted into something practicable.

Even before the Japanese attacked the United States on December 7, 1941 at Pearl Harbor, blasting us into World War Two, rationing in Britain had been established. The British Ministry of Food issued Ration Stamps, while imploring America to consider rationing of vital aluminum, gasoline, steel, food and materials necessary for battle.

The ‘Sugar Book’ – War Ration Book Number 1 – arrived on the U.S. civilians’ doorsteps on May 4, 1942, five months after we joined the Allies in global combat. Coffee was rationed by November 27, 1942 with households limited to one pound every five weeks. Before the end of that year nine other essential items were added to the ration coupons.

By November of 1943 the list expanded to include: gasoline, bicycles, fuel oil, firewood, stoves, rubber, typewriters, (items directly needed by the military) nylon, silk, (for Parachutes etc.) meat, flour, lard, oils, shortening, cheese, butter, margarine, plus canned, bottled or frozen processed foods, including canned milk, dried fruits, jellies, jams and fruit butters

Remembering that women of all ages wore dresses during the 1940’s, only to have nylons become scarce during wartime, is a prime example of American ingenuity. The ladies got creative. They rubbed their legs with a coloring then drew lines up the back of their calves imitating the line of the nylons to give the appearance they wore stockings.
When I asked my mother about this, she pointed out how the leg coloring wore off on her white dental assistant uniform. In her early twenties, she scrubbed her uniform nightly keeping it as spotless as possible while attempting to maintain a sense of fashion.

Shoes were rationed as the materials were needed for boots to hit the ground overseas. One woman I interviewed, Barbara Bradford, told me when she was about to be married, as a gift, a family friend gave her a precious coupon to purchase new shoes. Her father became angry when she came home with sandals, not a pair of practical shoes she could wear year-round.
Gas masks were not only issued to those in battle, but also to civilians in the event of an attack. Children to grandparents wore them. The masks offered hope, survival, not shame or ridicule.

In 1966 I was lucky enough to spend a summer with a girlfriend while she visited her grandmother in Hawaii. Returning, I brought with me what I thought to be an item our family need to add to our menu. Spam.
The can didn’t even make it to the shelf. My father, Second Lieutenant Joseph Frisino, having survived two years in the jungle of Burma during WWII, serving in the Signal Corps, turned beet red with anger.

“Get that out of here.” He instructed me.

Shocked by his reaction to a food item, I looked to my mother for help. She just shook her head in warning. The canned good was never opened but was escorted out the back door by Dad.

Years later in my research I came to realize that during the China, Burma, India conflict, the CBI, food was airdropped into the jungle to the troops. If the Americans made it to the packages that floated on parachutes toward them–before the enemy–aside from the K-Rations, they found Spam. Their diet consisted on what could be scavenged or the limited availability of canned foods.

Gas rationing happened again here in the United States as a result of the 1973 Oil Crisis. Depending on your license plate ending in an odd or even number determined which day you could go and sit in a long line at the gas station in the hopes the pump did not run dry before you put some in your tank. Even then, nurses and doctors were given priority so they could make it to their demanding jobs. At that time, I was living in Los Angeles and would trade cars with my cousin, a nurse, so I could sit in line to fill her car for her.

In WW2 the rationing lasted from 1941-1946 when the men and women from all services became the main focus as they fought for our freedom and our future.

During the 1973 Crisis, a time of shortage and rationing, American Know-How jumped into action to prevent hoarding to be certain gas was made available rationally, not emotionally.

Today the front line has shifted. Those in the trenches are the care givers, nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers, police firefighter and now some of our military who lead in the battle for lives against the Coronavirus, COVID-19.

Yes, we are in this together. However, sheltering in place, curfews, wearing masks and rationing are not new concepts but proven safeguards.

Following these simple rules issued for this drastic time is essential to regaining our health so we can gather when the bans are lifted and for the regrowth of our economy.

The ‘America Way’ still exists. There are countless reminders of those reaching across aisles, fences and diversities to help. In fact, it has become stronger of late, prominent in every action of those who listen to the Public Health officials and Governors, such as mine, Jay Inslee, who are acting to halt the unseen and unforgiving threat of this virus.

Thank you to all of those throughout our great country who wear the new uniform of the soldier, unrecognizable with faces shielded, who fight night and day to save lives. You are our heroes.